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Several aspects of the key questions deserve comment: Population. The population included in this review is adult or pediatric patients with spasticity or a musculoskeletal condition. We defined spasticity as muscle spasms associated with an upper motor neuron syndrome. Musculoskeletal conditions were defined as peripheral conditions resulting in muscle or soft tissue pain or spasms. We included patients with nocturnal leg cramps to determine whether medications in the skeletal muscle relaxant class are effective for this particular condition. We excluded obstetric and dialysis patients. Senate Bill 819 specifically excludes patients with HIV and patients with cancer. We also excluded patients with restless legs syndrome or nocturnal myoclonus. Drugs. We included the following oral drugs classified as skeletal muscle relaxants: baclofen, carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, dantrolene, metaxalone, methocarbamol, orphenadrine, and tizanidine. Because Senate Bill 819 specifically excludes drugs used to treat psychiatric conditions from this process, tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepenes were not considered primary drugs in this report. However, diazepam, clonazepam, and clorazepate were reviewed when they were compared in head-to-head studies with allowed skeletal muscle relaxants. Other medications used for spasticity but considered to be in another drug class, such as gabapentin a neuroleptic ; and clonidine an antihypertensive ; , were also only reviewed when they were directly compared to an included skeletal muscle relaxant. Quinine was included only if it was compared to a skeletal muscle relaxant for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. The dose of skeletal muscle relaxants used in trials may affect either the efficacy or adverse event profile. One clinical trial24 evaluated cyclobenzaprine 10 mg tid and 20 mg tid and found equivalent efficacy but increased adverse events with the higher dose. A study on dantrolene also found a `ceiling' effect with dantrolene doses of 200 mg daily, with no increased efficacy but more side effects above that dose.25 Most trials titrated skeletal muscle relaxants to the maximum tolerated dose or a pre-specified ceiling dose, but there are no standardized methods of titration and determining target doses. Outcomes. The main efficacy measures were relief of muscle spasms or pain, functional status, quality of life, withdrawal rates, and adverse effects including sedation, addiction, and abuse ; . We excluded non-clinical outcomes such as electromyogram measurements or spring tension measurements. There is no single accepted standard on how to measure the included outcomes. Clinical trials of skeletal muscle relaxants have often used different scales to measure important clinical outcomes such as spasticity, pain, or muscle strength.26 Many trials have used unvalidated or poorly described methods of outcome assessment. Studies that use the same scale often report results differently for example, mean raw scores after treatment, mean improvement from baseline, or number of patients "improved" ; . All of these factors make comparisons across trials difficult. Spasticity is an especially difficult outcome to measure objectively. The most widely used standardized scales to measure spasticity in patients with upper motor neuron syndromes are the Ashworth27 and modified Ashworth28 scales. In these scales, the assessor tests the resistance to passive movement around a joint and grades it on a scale of 0 no increase in tone ; to 4 limb rigid in flexion or extension ; . The modified Ashworth scale adds a "1 + rating between the 1 and 2 ratings of the Ashworth scale. For both of these scales, the scores are usually added for four lower and four upper limb joints, for a total possible score of 0-32, though scoring methods can vary. The Ashworth scale has been found to have moderate.

Things going on around the hospital: Crunch, crunch, crunch. I'm on my third fruit veggie serving of the day and at 1600 have taken 6720 steps. Will I meet my goal of 5 fruits or vegetables and 10, 000 steps? What I writing about? None other than the Eat well. Live Well challenge that RGH has just started participating in. This is a program started by Wegmans to improve employee health and fitness that our system is now providing for anyone interested. People can join as individuals or in teams and so far, over 2000 employees and 72 teams are participating. The average steps per day is 9693 and the average number of servings of fruits and vegetables is 4.1 across the hospital. I very excited about this campaign and challenge ; as one of my goals as President of the MDS is to increase the options for fitness and health of our staff and this program will hopefully make a difference. Mislabeled lab specimens. I very happy to report that for the fourth month in a row we have had no mislabeled blood bank specimens and thus no potential for incorrect administration of a blood product for this reason. This is terrific and is due in large part to the Herculean effort of the nursing staff working with the lab to find solutions to the errors and also to the PICC IV team members who now draw all the Blood bank specimens. We still have labeling errors for other blood specimens drawn around the hospital and are working to decrease these. Our hope is that by putting bar codes on patient ID bands in the future we will be able to stop these errors too. Albany and the proposed budget cuts. Thanks to all the support of our staff and lobbying by hospitals around the state, the proposed Medicaid budget cuts have been greatly decreased. The final impact on RGH is not known at this time, but is estimated to be only a fraction of the earlier million proposed cut. Thanks to all who rode to Albany to lobby at the HANYS convention and to those who wrote or called their representatives. A big thank you to Mark Clement for providing us with sample letters and addresses of the local representatives.
Seat the patient comfortably, tilt the head back and insert the nasal speculum. Insert a flexible calcium alginate dacron swab through the speculum parallel to the floor of the nose without pointing upwards. Alternatively, bend the swab and insert it into the throat and move the swab upwards into the nasopharyngeal space. Rotate the swab on the nasopharyngeal membrane a few times, remove it carefully and insert it into a screw-cap tube containing transport medium. If necessary, break off the top part of the swab without touching the inside of the tube and tighten the screw cap firmly. Label the specimen tube. Complete the laboratory request form. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT SPECIMENS. CONFIDENTIAL HEALTH INFORMATION: Healthcare information is personal information related to a person's healthcare. It is being faxed to you after appropriate authorization or under circumstances that don't require authorization. You are obligated to maintain it in a safe, secure, and confidential manner. Redisclosure of this information is prohibited unless permitted by law or appropriate customer patient authorization is obtained. Unauthorized redisclosure or failure to maintain confidentiality could subject you to penalties described in federal and state laws. IMPORTANT WARNING: This message is intended for the use of the person or entity to whom it is addressed and may contain information that is privileged and confidential, the disclosure of which is governed by applicable law. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, or the employee or agent responsible for delivering it to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution, or copying of this information is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. If you have received this message in error, please notify us immediately. 2006 Walgreens Specialty Pharmacy SP4453-0606 Drug Names are the property of their respective owners. Use of oral clonidine for rapid titration of blood pressure in severe hypertension S Spitalewitz, JG Porush and C Oguagha Chest 1983; 83; 404-407 DOI 10.1378 chest.83.2.404 This information is current as of July 27, 2008.

BI' arguments are based on the assumption that all monolithic patches depend for rate s control on the skin alone. For example, BI' expert, Dr. Hopfenberg, asserts in 11 11-12 ; with s respect to monolithic patches: "[I]f the skin itself did not present an effective barrier that plays a significant role in limiting drug delivery, the drug would be released at a rate that would be extremely high initially, would subsequently decrease monotonically with time, and would never achieve a steady-state rate." However, Dr. Hopfenberg' conclusion is not correct for Mylan s CTS, which, although a "monolithic" patch, contributes essentially the same amount of control to the delivery rate of clonidine as does Catapres TTS. The Mylan CTS and Catapres TTS products have substantially the same mechanisms for delivering steady state plasma levels of clonidine. As with Catapres TTS, Mylan CTS contains a reservoir of undissolved clonidine in a polyisobutylene PIB ; and mineral oil MO ; adhesive matrix that replenishes solubilized clonidine at the skin surface of the matrix, thereby maintaining a steady and controlled release of clonidine to skin. The release rate of clonidine is controlled by the concentration of solubilized and avalide.

Article 3: drafting in official languages all draft legislation shall be prepared and submitted to the cabinet in three official languages so that on each page article by article appears the three texts in parallel. Blockers and clonidine could be beneficial for patients in whom control of tachycardia and hypertension is needed and hydrochlorothiazide.
For more information about the treatment of COPD see: NPS News 45 visit nps .au healthpro ; PPR 33 visit nps .au healthpro ; Australian Medicines Handbook 2006 Therapeutic Guidelines: Respiratory, Version 3, 2005. Contact Holly Parsons Email: hparsons nps .au Phone: 02 ; 8217 8700 Fax: 02 ; 9211 7579. PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of June 30, 2007 and as adjusted to give effect to the sale of 5, 000, 000 shares of common stock in this offering, for: each person known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of our common stock; each of our directors; each of our named executive officers; and all of our directors and executive officers as a group. The percentage ownership information shown in the table is based on a total of 12, 536, 645 shares of our common stock outstanding on June 30, 2007, assuming conversion of all outstanding shares of our preferred stock as of June 30, 2007 and the issuance of 5, 000, 000 shares of common stock in this offering. The percentage ownership information assumes no exercise of the underwriters' over-allotment option. Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer or beneficial owner of more than 5% of our common stock. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities. In addition, the rules include shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options or a warrant that are immediately exercisable or excercisable on or before August 29, 2007, which is 60 days after June 30, 2007. These shares are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the persons holding those options or a warrant for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but they are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the persons and entities identified in this table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. Except as otherwise noted, the address for such person or entity listed in the table is c o ARYx Therapeutics, Inc., 6300 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, CA 94555 and doxazosin. To help find a drug see Page 51 for an alphabetical listing. When a drug is available in a generic formulation, it is listed by the generic name on our formulary. 2 Drugs available for injection or infusion are typically available through specialty pharmacies, home infusion services or long term care facilities. Contact the plan for details. 3 If you are on this medication when you first enroll on our plan, there are no special coverage limitations and or prior authorizations for this medication. Please have your pharmacy contact us if you need assistance getting this medication. 4 These drugs are available at no cost to you with a prescription from your provider and are subject to usual day supply limitations. These drugs do not count towards your total out of pocket expenditure. 71.

Discount generic Clonidjne online 3. In addition to exerting partial a2 effects, there was also no foot drag or knee sag observed in the NE-induced locomotion; this also resembled the effects observed with a a1noradrenergic agonist. It appears then that mixed a1 and a2 effects could be evoked by NE as could be expected. Modulation of locomotion parameters in late-spinal cats In late-spinal cats, when the cat was capable of spontaneous locomotion, the ability of these drugs to modulate the already established locomotor pattern and their effect on cutaneous reflex excitability was assessed. The cutaneous reflex excitability of the hindlimbs was assessed by the response to mechanical and electrical stimulation as well as FPS. The effects of the drugs on locomotion and cutaneous reflex in all spinal cats and different experimental trials are summarized semiquantitatively in Table 3. MODULATORY EFFECTS OF a2 AGONISTS. All three a2 agonists, clonidine 12 injections ; , tizanidine 7 ; , and oxymetazoline 7 ; , could modulate the locomotor pattern in a similar fashion Table 3 ; . Figure 9 shows an example of the effects of tizanidine on locomotion in a 157d spinal cat CC8 ; . Before any drug injection, the locomotor pattern was well established with full weight support and plantar foot placement Fig. 9A ; . Thirty minutes after the injection of tizanidine cumulative dose 4.8 mM ; , there was a marked increase and betapace. Desipramine was superior to placebo in two studies 14, 15 ; . Due to concerns about alterations in cardiac conduction, however, many clinicians are reluctant to use desipramine 16 ; . The novel antidepressant bupropion was found to be equivalent to methylphenidate in one study 17 ; and superior to placebo in another 18 ; . Pindolol was compared to placebo and methylphenidate in a crossover trial 19 ; and produced moderate improvement. The emergence of nightmares N 3 ; and hallucinations N 3 ; , however, prompted the discontinuation of the pindolol treatment arm. Feigin and colleagues 20 ; evaluated the efficacy of deprenyl in children with ADHD and a tic disorder in a placebo-controlled, crossover study. Deprenyl was superior to placebo in the first arm of the study. However, the group who received placebo first followed by deprenyl showed no treatment effect. The 2-receptor agonist clonidine has been used in the treatment of tic disorders and ADHD for more than 20 years 21 ; . The findings from controlled studies, however, have been somewhat inconsistent, with three studies showing benefit 2224 ; and two reporting negative results 15, 25 ; . Nonetheless, the use of clonidine in children is increasing 26 ; , suggesting that clinicians find it useful for a range of behavior problems. Guanfacine is a newer 2-adrenergic receptor agonist that differs from clonidine in several ways. First, it is less sedating and has a longer duration of action than clonidine 27 ; . The longer duration of action may make guanfacine more convenient to use with children and adolescents. Second, guanfacine has been shown to improve prefrontal cortical function in nonhuman primates 28 ; . This finding is of interest given the importance of the prefrontal cortex in ADHD 29 ; . Three open-label guanfacine studies involving a total of 36 children have been published 3032 ; . In these studies, guanfacine showed promising effects on ADHD outcomes and on tics in the subset of 18 children with tics. The purpose of the placebo-controlled study reported here was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of guanfacine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD and tic disorders. Pharmacological agent that, like clonidine, significantly decreases venous return should stimulate ultrasound production. Since clonidine is classified as an antihypertensive drug, it is useful to consider other agents within that class and how they might be expected to influence the expression of the ACR and ultrasound production. Antihypertensive drugs are classified as sympatholytics, vasodilators, and diuretics [28], and each of these three classes is divided into sub-categories. For example, clonidine is classified as a centrally acting sympatholytic. In the present study, we examined the ability of three other anti-hypertensive drugs to evoke ultrasound production in rats at 15 days of age, when clonidine has its maximal effects. First, in Experiment 1, sodium nitroprusside SNP ; was administered while cardiac rate and ultrasound production was monitored. SNP, classified as an arterial and venous vasodilator, is a nitric oxide donor that directly relaxes the smooth muscles in arteries and veins, resulting in venous pooling and decreased venous return. Since Youmans and his colleagues [38], in their seminal investigations of the ACR in anesthetized adult dogs, were able to stimulate the ACR using nitroglycerine a compound that shares a number of functional properties with SNP ; , we predicted that SNP administration would evoke ultrasound production in 15-day-old rats. In Experiment 2, the effects of SNP on blood pressure were measured to ensure that its cardiovascular effects are similar in infants and adults. In Experiment 3, we examined the effects of two other antihypertensive drugs. First, chlorisondamine hydrochloride, a ganglionic blocker that, like clonidine, is classified as a sympatholytic, was tested to determine its ability to evoke ultrasound production. Second, hydralazine, a selective arterial vasodilator [1, 28], was also tested. Since hydralazine's effects are restricted to dilation of arterial vessels, it has a negligible effect on venous return and therefore provides a useful contrast to the effects of SNP. Thus, on the basis of the ACR hypothesis, we predicted that chlorisondamine would evoke ultrasound production while hydralazine would not and benicar.

Cost of Clonidine Citation of companies, products, and technologies in the article should not be construed as an endorsement by Satyam or the author, or as approval of their use and efficacy, or as a recommendation over alternate companies products technologies. Satyam and the author acknowledge that there are other companies products technologies available that can treat some or all of the diseases or medical conditions discussed in this paper. Canadian Clonidine Clonidine and hypoxic ventilatory response anomaly of this study was that although AHR was not significantly different after placebo compared with control, HVD after placebo was greater table 3 ; . There is no obvious reason for this. It is possible that this was the result of a placebo effect causing an alteration in behavioural state and ventilatory control. Human studies have concentrated so far on the influence of clonidine on the hypercapnic ventilatory response. An i.v. dose of 3 g kg91 attenuated the hypercapnic response significantly by reducing the slope of the carbon dioxide response line [4]. This was also the case after 300 g given extradurally [5]. Two studies using oral clonidine range 3.55 g kg91 ; did not demonstrate a reduction in the slope of the carbon dioxide response line [2, 3]. However, Bailey and co-workers did find rightward displacement of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after clonidine [2] and Jarvis and co-workers found significant depression of mean inspiratory flow rate VT : TI ; [3]. Therefore, it is likely that clonidine does alter the ventilatory response to hypercapnia both by reducing the slope and by rightward shift of the response. We chose an oral dose of 3.5 g kg91 for our subjects as this was comparable with the doses used in the hypercapnic studies. Information on the effect of clonidine on the hypoxic ventilatory response in humans is lacking and animal studies have yielded conflicting results. Kou and colleagues [8] demonstrated the presence of 2 adrenergic receptors in the carotid bodies of cats and that guanabenz, an 2 agonist similar to clonidine, reduced the carotid sinus nerve discharge in response to hypoxia. In a later study on dogs using dexmedetomidine, a more specific 2 adrenergic agonist, Nguyen and colleagues [9] found no significant change in the hypoxic ventilatory response. Our study has shown that the initial increase in ventilation in response to hypoxia lasting 38 min ; was attenuated by clonidine by an average of 3.91 litre min91 95 % confidence limit 2.27, 5.55 litre min91 ; but did not affect the subsequent decline in ventilation when hypoxia was sustained. Animal studies have further suggested that the direct effects of catecholamines, their antagonists and volatile anaesthetic agents on peripheral chemoreceptors disappear in severe hypoxia : 5.3 kPa ; [20, 21]. The effect of clonidine on the hypoxic ventilatory response may be overcome by more severe hypoxia, but as we only examined the effect of clonidine at one level of hypoxia, we cannot predict the effect in more severe hypoxia. The exact mechanism by which clonidine reduced the hypoxic ventilatory response remains unclear. The peripheral chemoreceptors may be involved but a central effect of clonidine cannot be excluded. This effect of clonidine could have contributed to the episodes of oxygen desaturation reported by previous investigators [6, 7]. However, these investigators suggested that obstructive apnoeas caused by sedation after clonidine were responsible for the instability in oxygenation. Apart from its sedative action, clonidine may exacerbate these obstructive apnoeas via an effect on peripheral chemoreceptors. Increased arousal from chemical stimuli to breathing and florinef. To help us make a difference, call today for ebshealthcare opportunities.

Various chemicals in cigarette smoke both inhibit and induce the CYP 50 enzyme. Production of toxic metabolites like F- may increase in smokers during inhalation anesthesia. Smoking did enflurane anesthesia in smokers may increase S-F- to nephrotoxic concentrations. Serum F0 mol However, transient. In summary, a nonselective NSAID may be used relatively safely in connection to . MAChoursevofluraneanesthesia, however, the procedure. Clonicine prevents the effect of ADH on renal tubuli, but causes a minor and transient proximal tubular deterioration during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with S-F- 0 mol L- or higher, which is lower than the previously assumed renal toxic threshold of 50 mol L-.However, exposure are transient and metformin.

Intrathecal gabapentin and either clonidine or neostigmine in the formalin test. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 1374-9. Tallarida RJ, Murray R.B. Manual of pharmacologic calculations with computer programs, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987. 20. Bryans JS, Davies N, Gee NS, Dissanayake VU, Ratcliffe GS, Horwell DC, Kneen CO, Morrell AI, Oles RJ, O'Toole JC, Perkins GM, Singh L, Suman-Chauhan N, O'Neill JA. Identification of novel ligands for the gabapentin binding site on the alpha2delta subunit of a calcium channel and their evaluation as anticonvulsant agents. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 1838-45. Benoliel R, Tanaka M, Caudle RM, Iadarola MJ. Co-localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and substance P neurokinin-1 ; receptors in rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2000; 291: 61-4. Jansen KL, Faull RL, Dragunow M, Waldvogel H. Autoradiographic localisation of NMDA, quisqualate and kainic acid receptors in human spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 1990; 108: 53-7. Yaksh TL. The spinal pharmacology of facilitation of afferent processing evoked by high-threshold afferent input of the postinjury pain state. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993; 6: 250-6. Furuyama T, Kiyama H, Sato K, Park HT, Maeno H, Takagi H, Tohyama M. Region-specific expression of subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors AMPA-type, KA-type and NMDA receptors ; in the rat spinal cord with special reference to nociception. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993; 18: 141-51. Headley PM, Grillner S. Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11: 205-11. Cuesta MC, Arcaya JL, Cano G, Sanchez L, Maixner W, Suarez-Roca H. Opposite modulation of capsaicin-evoked substance P release by glutamate receptors. Neurochem Int 1999; 35: 471-8. Cheng J, Pan H, Eisenach JC. Antiallodynic effect of intrathecal gabapentin and its interaction with clonidine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1126-31. Hurley RW, Chatterjea D, Rose Feng M, Taylor CP, Hammond DL. Gabapentin and pregabalin can interact synergistically with naproxen to produce antihyperalgesia. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 1263-73. Roerig SC, Fujimoto JM. Multiplicative interaction between intrathecally and intracerebroventricularly administered mu opioid agonists but limited interactions between delta and kappa agonists for antinociception in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 249: 762-8. Gu Y, Huang LY. Gabapentin actions on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels are protein kinase C-dependent. Pain 2001; 93: 85-92. Chen SR, Eisenach JC, McCaslin PP, Pan HL. Synergistic effect between intrathecal non-NMDA antagonist and gabapentin on allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 500-6 and digoxin.

By 2006, 5.6 million Canadian women are projected to be reaching the age of menopause. Many of these 7580% ; will experience hot flashes the most prevalent symptom of menopause ; and uncomfortable night sweats, as well as changes in sleep, mood or cognition that may modify or diminish quality of life. Hot flashes refer to recurrent, transient episodes of flushing, perspiration, with a sensation of warmth or heat over the upper body and or face. Chills may follow the hot flashes. The North American Menopause Society and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada have published evidence-based reviews of both nonprescription including alternative therapies ; and prescription treatments used for hot flashes. We summarize their findings and recommendations in this article. Hot flashes generally begin in the perimenopausal period and reach their highest rate during the first two years post-menopause and prazosin.
Treatment for nonmalignant thyroid nodules consisted of subtotal thyroidectomy; treatment for Graves' disease consisted of iodine-131 ablation, and treatment for thyroid cancer consisted of near-total thyroidectomy and iodine-131. For patients with Graves' disease or benign thyroid nodules, the target thyrotropin concentration was less than 5.0 U per milliliter, and for patients with thyroid cancer, the target thyrotropin concentration was less than 0.5 U per milliliter. The subject became pregnant twice. The subject became pregnant by means of assisted-reproduction techniques.

15 handgrip exercise ~20%; Table 3 ; . After combined blockade, clonidine evoked vasoconstrictor responses that were augmented during exercise compared with before NO and PG inhibition FVC -253%; P 0.01 ; . This was also observed for the vasoconstrictor responses during adenosine FVC -603%; P 0.05 ; . However, the vasoconstriction observed during exercise was still significantly blunted compared with adenosine i.e., the responses were not completely restored; Figure 4!

Pharmaceutical companies can and do charge different prices for drugs in different markets. Preferential pricing also known as equity pricing or tiered pricing ; would link price to the ability to pay, so that people living in a poorer country would pay much less for the same drug than people in a wealthier nation. Some preferential pricing agreements are negotiated between individual developing countries and pharmaceutical companies. A more systematic approach would ensure countries are consistently assured of realistic prices to meet their health needs. The pharmaceutical industry is concerned that products sold more cheaply in developing countries would find their way back into more expensive markets however, through there parallel must be importing, scope for thereby finding undercutting their profits. In a collaborative setting, mechanisms to prevent such practices occurring. Aim: Self-monitoring of blood glucose SMBG ; is important for good management of patients with diabetes. There are difficulties for healthcare professionals to engage lower income patients to perform SMBG in view of the costs involved. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of welfare-funded aid for glucose monitoring on the glycaemic control of recipients. Published Data Only ; Ling, W., Amass, L., Shoptaw, S., et al. 2005 ; A multi-center randomized trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for opioid detoxification: findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Addiction, 100, 1090-1100. Published Data Only ; Lintzeris, N., Bell, J., Bammer, G., et al. 2002 ; A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine in the management of short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal. Addiction, 97, 1395-1404.

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